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In the days when cross border technology flows were limited and the investment in India was small, India's technological capabilities at an early stage H1-B visa program acted as an exchange program where Indian engineers could gain experience and skills, learn new technologies in the US, that would benefit both India and the US taking a long term view. In 2025 when cross border technology flows to India from the US are large and significant, when Indian investment is large India's economy fastest growing and from a much larger base, with ability to absorb talented engineers in expanding Indian business, the H1-B program is one that drains both the US and India. India as a huge brain drain of 60,000 of its best engineers every year to 2030 or 300,000 of its best engineers and the 3 million engineers they would have trained locally through their creative talents. For the US it means the loss of 300,000 engineering jobs to 2030 for locals in 51 states in the Nation. Both make no sense. Business practices once set do not change. This is why an executive order by DJT was signed by the president to impose a $100,000 fee that Tata, Meta, Google, Microsoft, Apple can choose to pay every year for 6 years if they want to hire someone on H1-B Visas. To call this group of Indian H1-B of 60,000 engineers "dreamers" also makes no sense because 3.3 million engineers knowledge base and skills to India's growth capabilities and modernization could increase economic growth, modernization of Indian infrastructure, to make India a Dream State to live in. And the same number of American born engineers would make each of the America's 51 states Dream States through repowering America's new modernization of infrastructure and power economic growth. ...

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Walter Isaacson's "The Innovators," covers the beginnings of the silicon chip with William Shockley in the fifties and the first transistor. Pat Haggerty at Texas Instruments has the marketing ability to get people interested in transistors for radios, just as Steve Jobs did for iPods, iPads and iPhones, products they did not know they wanted until they tried them. Jimmy Wales of Wikipedia, Gates of Microsoft, Jobs at Apple, Brin and Page at Google, and the internet developent, is covered as more recent material. No one person does it as each is standing on the shoulders of people before them. Social media does not get much attention. The messy work of venture capital and the errors and missteps of Apple and Microsoft are given less attention in Isaacson's exuberance and enthusiasm for the inventors. Patents play a part as the inventor Atanasoff did little to patent his creation of the first computer in the 1940's ,and instead was forgotten, as John Mauchly who based his invention on some of the same ideas took his place....

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One survey of corporate leaders show that 82% of them now plan to allow at least some time remote working from home, and 47% to allow full time remote working from home. A Microsoft survey of managers shows 82% support more flexible work from home policies after the pandemic. About 53% of workers work from home in the U.S. as of July 12, down from as much as 70% in May.  One of the lessons learned is that in remote work overcommunicating is important because more signals are picked up in person to person face to face communication. There is also now more time to do this as the commuting time and other time related to coming in to the office is saved. There is so much new information that new insights are gradually coming of how to redesign work based on how people work and communicate. One of the personal insights in working from home is that more can be accomplished so that after 3-4 hours of intensive work one needs understand that this may be equal to what one gets done in a whole day at the office with intermittent interruptions, endless meetings and so on. ...

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A digital strategy is what separates Books-A-Million Inc. of Birmingham, Alabama, a 257 chain store of bookstores, valued at a mere $47 million in April 2012, from Barnes and Noble with its Nook digital business valued at $1.4 billion after the deal with Microsoft.

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U.S. president elect Trump meets with the heads of tech businesses on Dec. 14, 2016. CEO's of Amazon, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft were present. Trump was exuberant about the advantages secured by U.S. tech companies in global business, saying- "there's nobody like you in the world. Anything that the government can do to help this go along, we're going to be there for you." The discussions covered need for more vocational education, advantages and disadvantages of trade with China, and immigration. Quarterly meetings of this type are now planned with a smaller group organized by Jared Kushner to cover immigration and education.  Jeff Bezos of Amazon described the meeting as "very productive." Bezos says he told the group that the best way was to use innovation to create jobs outside of tech in agriculture, infrastructure, manufacturing elsewhere, to create large number of jobs. Ginni Rometty, CEO of IBM, and other executives are part of the Strategic and Policy Forum set up to provide business input to the president. ...

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Bill Veghte, who has 20 years of experience with Microsoft and helped launch Windows 7, is the new chief strategy officer under CEO Meg Whitman. Veghte will also head the cloud computing and webOS mobile operating system initiatives at H-P in the new position.

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An audit by the Fair Labor Association finds that more than half of the workers at Foxconn's factories that supply Apple, Dell, H-P, and Microsoft, are exceeding the company limit of 60 hours of work per week under hazardous conditions. Apple in its own audit report shows 62% of workers in audited facilities worked more than 60 hours per week in 2011.

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The NASDAQ Internet Index is up 46% in April 2014 over the past year, even though it was down 12% in March-April 2014 as investors grew wary over high price rises for stocks in the "cloud," "big data" and "social" fields. Investors turned to old tech stocks such as Microsoft which were seen as value stocks because of lower price and valuations. Gallagher suggests watching the IPO market for signals of where this market is headed. In the 1st quarter 2014 companies raised $10.6 billion in the U.S., the busiest quarter since 2000. 103 companies submitted initial IPO filings in the same quarter. Venture Capital has invested $29.4 billion in 2013, an increase of 7% from 2012, according to MoneyTree Report. Even though the NASDAQ Composite Index is down 5% over the last 30 days, Gallagher points out that the NASDAQ has witnessed 4 drops of about 10% since 2010.

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Google will take part in the Digital India project of the Indian government with a $10 billion investment over five years. This is about leveraging the power of digital technologies for transforming lives of farmers, young people and for creating new businesses. Google Search and You Tube reaches 245 million Indians. Local language content is popular for 66% of the content online. For Google CEO Pichai this as he says is deeply personal as the investments in early computers and digital use in the first 20 years after independence in 1947 provided the opportunities for Pichai and Microsoft CEO Nadella and countless others to learn about these technologies in schools and universities in India. These investments will lay the ground for opportunities to be created for new generations. Earlier Google partnered with Tata Trusts to launch Saathi so that the internet could reach India's villages. About 23 million women in 300,0000 villages have gained through Saathi the first use of internet. ...

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With strong US growth Nvidia data center sales sales are up to $39 billion up 73% in mid 2025. After taking a $4.5 billion charge on chips designed for China after US government stopped sales to China of sensitive technologies Nvidia is doing very well. This is the result of the rapid growth in AI investments in the US being made by Nvidia, Microsoft, Amazon, Apple and other companies. During DJT's visit to Saudi Arabia he signed agreements that allow US exports of AI chips to Saudis in exchange for $1 trillion in investments in the US in AI infrastructure. A Biden Diffusion rule had blocked such sales to allies.

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Google, Meta, Apple, Microsoft effort to cancel all AI regulation by states, effectively leaving AI unregulated. What was Senator Ted Cruz doing sponsoring a 10 year rule of this kind that required protections to be put in place for child online safety so that the dangerous AI law for unregulation, no supervision, would not intrude into other areas such as child online safety. What was Senator Blackburn of Tennessee thinking when she joined that effort and had second thoughts pulling back to 5 years from 10 years of unregulated AI. Everyone from the entire Democratic caucus, Steve Bannon and advocacy groups fighting for citizen control over AI, and many Republican Senators who were not clear why such a law was being proposed by AI interests and Cruz's willingness to take the Tech monopolies interests in a dangerous direction of no regulation. “The way these provisions are written, they’re very sweeping, and they would trip up almost any attempt to regulate the harmful use of AI.”  -Ed Wytkind, interim director of the AFL-CIO’s technology institute. “Google and Meta had AI amnesty in the bag yesterday at 10 a.m. Then the Article III Project and Steve Bannon’s War Room sprang into action. Sometimes feeling the heat makes people see the light. We are pleased 99 senators finally decided to side with kids and content creators over AI amnesty and Big Tech profits.”-Mike Davis founder Article III Project ...

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Compare the presidential election spending in France and US one sees a huge, really huge difference. In France by law the first round it is limited to 16 million euros and second round to 22 million euros. Companies cannot donate and maximum donation is euros 4600 per year. All candidates must be given equal time by networks after official campaigns start usually March 28. If you get 5% of the presidential vote you get about 48% of the $22 million ceiling and if not only about 5%. Its a fairer system considering about $5 billion will be spent in US presidential election 2024. It keeps out lobbyists and donors looking for silent favors as the pharma industry and the tech industry in the US that has prevented any legislation on fair drug pricing or oversight of the monopolies of Apple, Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Meta and others, taxation of profits of tech and fossil fuel companies, or passage of healthcare for all. Indian elections cost of 1.35 lakh crores or $13 billion in 2024 are also similar to the US with parties spending leading to much corruption in the democratic process and defeating its best character.  ...

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DeepSeek China displacing OpenAI/Microsoft in the US, and becoming the most downloaded app on Apple iPhone download rankings, doing the same work at 5.6% of the cost, is leading to a national revival sentiment in China.

Deep Seek is based in Zhejiang province. The state website says of Deepseek's achievement-

“We need to believe that the moon in other countries is not necessarily rounder: Whatever others can do, we can also do it and even do it better.” 

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Google Apps cloud based business productivity software has about 5 million businesses using it for document writing, collaboration, text and video communications. A big advantage over Microsoft is the simplicity in pricing of $50 per person using the product per year. Larger businesses such as drugmaker Roche and the U.S. Interior Department have adopted Google Apps for Business.

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The daily commute has has defined the start of the day and the end of the day clearly in a way that is not happening with working from home during the coronavirus. Microsoft Teams manager Ms. Janardhan is looking at ways of modifying its Teams package of workplace collaboration tools so that users can better demarcate these two parts of the day. The virtual commute feature is a way to focus on wellness as a priority. It puts more attention on how people feel and think in different parts of the day and even includes a 10 minute meditation session option for the end of the day. The program now asks people how they are feeling and if they are feeling overwhelmed the virtual commute assistant will ask if they want to block time off in their calendars to focus on destressing activities or stuff they enjoy doing, even just taking a break. Marking the start and the end of the day has become more difficult for many while working from home. Half of the chat volume on Teams happens between 5pm and midnight in the last 6 months up 48% from months before the pandemic. More and more companies are finding that organizational resilience depends on employee wellbeing when working from home during the coronavirus which brings up new stresses that people never faced before. ...

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  The hundreds of billions of dollars these American AI people talked about are needed to rebuild the nation's infrastructure, schools, water, housing, education, healthcare and other needs that directly raise living standards. DeepSeak is the AI model of Liang Wenfeng's $8 billion hedge fund Deep-Flyer. It does what Microsoft's OpenAI does at a tiny fraction of the cost. It proves that smaller competitors with less funding can tackle AI. This includes AI Mistral from France and AI startups from India and other countries.  Another immediate effect of DeepSeek as an open AI model is to provide serious competition for Nvidia and OpenAI and the big spenders such as Google, Meta Platforms that seek to dominate every niche in the IT world. It proves that the latest cutting edge chips such as Nvidia are not needed and that one can come up with other methods and software to do what others can do without the latest and most powerful chips that cost a lot lot more by huge magnitude. It is what happened in the Space Race to put satellites in space- the entities that can do it at less cost such as the Indian space program entities are the ones that dominate the field- cost matters. The hundreds of billions of dollars these American AI people talked about are needed to rebuild the nation's infrastructure, schools, water, housing, education, healthcare and other needs that directly raise living standards. ...

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Winkler questions whether IBM can continue to generate the free cash flow to continue share buybacks and dividends that have boosted its share price. Its high P/E ratio relative to other tech companies such as Microsoft which have higher cash on the balance sheet and a higher rate of growth is also considered a point of concern for investors.

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Amazon's employee count more than triples in 3 years to 109,800, with 31,200 employees added in 2010. This outpaces growth in employees at Microsoft with 99,000 employees, Apple with 80,300, and Google with 46,400 employees. Amazon uses a highly structured process in which the perspectives on cultural fit of hundreds of "skilled evaluators" throughout the company are taken into account.

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The increase in the Nasdaq Composite Index to 4000 by November 2013. In contrast to the period in 1999 the Nasdaq Index now has companies in the Index in a broader number of tech fields including medical technology, pharmaceuticals and consumer. Tech companies in the Index now have reliable tested products and generate significant revenues and profits. Apple has 8.02% representation in the Nasdaq Composite Index. Other companies are Microsoft with 5.15%, Google 4.80%, Amazon 2.88%, Intel 1.95%, Qualcomm 2.09%, Gilead, 1.88%, Amgen 1.42%. The Index is more diversified in 2013. B/E Aerospace and First Solar are part of the Index. About 13.5% are in Health Care technologies, including Celgene and Myriad Genetics. And 7.1% in Telecom, including SBA Communications. Priceline, Amazon are part of consumer internet companies in the Index. Tech based companies make up only 45% on the Index Composite compared to 66% in 1999, with these companies on stronger revenue and profit footing and not bid up speculatively as they were in 1999....

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The S&P 500 has changed since 1998 for top 10 companies. Phillip Morris and Coca Cola are gone from the top 10. Apple at 256th is now the biggest by far exceeding Exxon by $200 billion in market value. J&J, Chevron are in, General Electric and Microsoft stay in. Added are Google and Wal-Mart in the top 10. Better management and vision played a role.

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Davidoff describes the hype in Silicon Valley that leads to soaring valuations- hype about Nest includes founder Fadell's reference to his vision for home thermostats that would change the world. All the participants benefit says Davidoff, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, venture capital firms and firms acquired such as Nest. Nest was acquired by Google for $3.1 billion, when it would have been valued at about $2 billion before Google showed interest. The hype lets Google present itself as the company of the future, and boost its image, which means a lot in getting investors to support the huge valuations.

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Surges in capital value can be wildly misleading. Nvidia a rapid computing company propelled in stock value. From the growth of crypto currency that led to losses and was perceived as a danger to the financial system by central banks and governments. This is happening when capital investment is a dire need in education and schools, good teachers and good classrooms, when only a third of American students pass NAEP tests on reading comprehension. Today's capital allocation system was never designed to accomplish this even as it sends hundreds of billions of dollars in one single day to a single company. Nvidia is now seeing a surge from chatbots computing coming out of ChatGPT,  leading to $184 billion change in its market value on May 25, 2023.  Nvidia was mostly a graphics processing company setup to make graphics on PC's look better. In 2006 Jensen Huang made the decision to open it up to developers to tinker with it and develop more computing capabilities. This has led to Nvidia designing much more powerful computing chips that perform thousands of calculations at the same time.   Nvidia designs the chips and sends production out to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing. Suddenly Nvidia sees its share price surge and it joins companies such as Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, and Tesla that have seen one day surge in the value of the companies by over $100 billion shown in this WSJ graph by date. Huang says he thinks that this is the beginning of a ten year period in which companies will redo their data centers to build them up with AI computing capabilities. WSJ also says China's top nuclear weapons research institute has bought these advanced chips even though it is on a US export blacklist since 1997. In 2022 the Biden administration imposed new licensing requirements on export of the most advanced chips. Since then Nvidia is following specifications for chips that allow it to export to China, says the WSJ.     ...

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Mario Monti, the head of the new Italian government after the resignation of prime minister Berlusconi, taught political economy at Bocconi University in Milan. He is the president of Bocconi University. He spent a decade in Brussels as a member of the European Commission. He was commissioner of internal markets, and then served as commissioner for competition. He is known for antitrust enforcement during his work as EU commissioner of competition. First, blocking the merger of Honeywell and General Electric, and then imposing a fine of $650 million on Microsoft for antitrust violations. He is also the honorary president of Bruegel, an economics research institute in Brussels. Monti is an outsider to Italian politics in Rome and depends on the goodwill of the political parties to implement his program.

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Chris Liddell, chief financial officer at GM and a former Microsoft CFO, brings a new strategy of debt reduction to GM's future plans. The thinking is that debt compounded all of GM's problems. Liddell pitched investors in the recent IPO with his plan to pay off $25 billion in debt and pension obligations. His plan is to hold only a token amount of debt. A lot depends on the success of new models in the marketplace.

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Is trying to impose one's views on a whole society through Class B voting shares family control consistent with the idea of government by, for and of the people? Apple, Amazon and Microsoft have chosen not to go with dual class shares. Of Apple largest 8.5% of shares owned by Vanguard, 6.7% by Black Rock. Google and Meta have chosen dual class for family control. With 14% of the shares in News Corp. Rupert Murdoch family has 41% of company votes. Starboard Value, activist investor, challenges this ownership structure in a proposal at the company's annual shareholder meeting. There are shares that have voting rights and other shares that have no voting rights. Starboard has 4.9% of voting shares, 3.7% non-voting shares. Dual class shares give families control of a company. Ford family with only 4% of company shares controls 41% of the voting shares. Meta owner Zuckerberg with 14% of shares controls 57% of the company. After 2021 companies going public still had 24% choosing dual class -Class A 10 votes per share, Class B 1 vote per share. Council of Institutional Investors on its site says sunset provisions after 7 years are gaining ground to phase this Class A out.  Institutional Shareholder Services another shareholder of New Corp. says- “Multi-class capital structure with unequal voting rights create a misalignment between economic interest and voting rights, which can disenfranchise shareholders holding stock with inferior voting rights." ...