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High on the agenda for the G-20 Feb. 2013 meeting in Moscow is how to fund infrastructure projects in emerging market countries. About $191 billion in infrastructure investment is needed annually in South Asia alone, according to the World Bank. India's Economic Affairs Secretary, Arvind Mayaram, points to the need for finding innovative ways of funding and reducing the risks for private companies by some kind of joint effort from developed and emerging market countries. The needs are extensive especially in transportation, water, electricity, sanitation. Growth lower than potential is facing India- with estimates of growth at just around 5% for the fiscal year ending in 2013. This affects Europe and the U.S. as there is less demand for exports of developed countries. Transportation projects critical to easing congested overloaded rail lines in Jakarta and Manila could not get financing under existing arrangements, making this problem a serious priority.

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Obama is not going to shy away from developing a solution for the 12 million estimated illegal immigrants in the country, for some form of path to legal staus. The issue will be taken up this year. It does not have the same priorities as health care and energy and education, but as a human issue it will be addressed this year. The lives of people who are doing a lot of the work Americans normally do not want to do is entertwined with the economic crisis, as the lives of these immigrants are likely to be made even more difficult by this crisis. The idea is to give those who are here, and as it appears are likely to remain here, and their families, the opportunity to lead normal lives. Not see families broken or torn apart as a husband or wife has status and the other does not, or lives worsen for those who have done the menial and labor intensive jobs in factories, agriculture and in construction, that Americans born to parents from an earlier generation of immigrants do not wish to do because they have better opportunities. As it is an issue that has drawn opposition and aroused emotions, it will be tackled by framing it as "policy reform that controls immigration and makes it an orderly system." Rep. Gutierrez, who is from Chicago, is building support for the cause by speaking at churches around the country, and having church leaders speak at these meetings, in a movement that is reminiscent of the civil rights struggles for black people. Mr. Obama will speak publicly on the issue in May, in the summer he will convene working groups, including lawmakers from both sides and a range of immigration groups, to begin discussing possible legislation by early fall. The plan would not add new workers but normalize the living conditions of people already here, and who information shows are not returning home. Its also supported by a key and growing constituency in American politics, the Hispanic voters. It was a campaign promise that Obama intends to keep, and if successful only draws the Hispanic vote closer to Obama....

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VW opens a new plant in Russia to manufacture 150,000 cars in 2009. Russian sales of foreign brands went up by 65% in 2008. The sales there are 2.4 million vehicles. With the number of cars at 180 per 1000 people, compared to 552 in Germany, most cars on the road already 10 years old, and with a population 1.7 times the size of Germany's, the potential for sales in Russia are significant. VW plans to produce the Octavia and Passat models , later adding Polo and Skoda Fabia models. VW hopes to increase sales in Russia from 3.2% to 10% by 2010, to catchup wth Toyota which also opened a new factory near St Petersburg. In 2008 Toyota sold more than twice the number of cars sold by VW. See VW's progress in other areas in the link to Skoda. The Octavia which it will bring to the Russian market is a success story from VW's Skoda operations in Czech Republic.This is a lower cost vehicle compared with VW's other models. VW is one of the fastest growing brands in Europe, ahead of Toyota, and it does very well in Poland and in Eastern Europe. It is the leading brand in China, ahead of GM. ...

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The NASDAQ index reached 5000 by April 2015, a level reached in the stock market boom in 2000. Yet investment strategists who were wary of the stock market in the period before the 2000-2002 collapse of the market see this market differently. The NASDAQ itself is not what it was in 2000, with the 2015 NASDAQ component stocks being different for the most part, and the healthcare and other sectors better represented in the index. Only three of the stocks in the top ten in 2000 are in the top ten today, including Microsoft. The S&P 500 trades in April 2015 at 18.5 times its company earnings for the past 12 months, compared to an historical average of 15.5, according to research firm Bespoke. A big part of the difference today is the investment climate of low inflation, which gives the U.S. Federal Reserve flexibility in raising rates. Low rates make bonds with lower yields less attractive, and increase the present value of future earnings. The yield of the 10 year U.S. Treasury was 1.917% on April 25, 2015. In April 2000 it was 6%, and in mid 2007 it was 5.3% before the financial crisis in the two periods. James Paulsen, chief investment strategist at Wells Capital Management oversees $347 billion in fund investments. He also was wary of the U.S. stock market in 1999, yet he does not see the similiar kind of risks today, and sees a long term bullish trend. The scenario he envisages is more of a pause or temporary decline. Paulsen has shifted money to European markets, as U.S. stocks are becoming more expensive relative to their European counterparts, a strategy that is being followed by other money managers since 2014. Higher price volatility is seen in the markets in 2015, with the S&P 500 up 2.9% for the first four months of 2015, and the Dow up 1.4%. ...

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Britain's prime minister David Cameron is having finance minister Osborne lead the negotiations with Germany and France on treaty changes for Britain to stay in the European Union, following his election promise to hold a referendum by 2017. The discussion about the prospects for changes show how difficult it will be for Britain to get the changes in the next 2 years. German chancellor Merkel supports Britain staying in the EU but only up to a point, and German public opinion does not show strong support for the kind of changes on immigration that Cameron is seeking. Support is also declining in countries like Poland because of the immigration issue. Merkel would like to see Britain in because of its open economy, free markets, and also because German contributions to the EU budget would increase significantly with the exit of Britain. Northern countries such as Sweden would also favor an effort to keep Britain inside the EU. On defence and foreign affairs EU without Britain would not carry the same weight and influence. Inside Britain Cameron faces problems with Euroskeptics inside the Conservative Party, and with the 13% popular vote that went to the UK Independence Party in the recent election. The uncertainty is not good for business and the economy of Britain, which is why Cameron is considering holding the referendum on the EU in 2016....

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Chrysler's model lineup will show a number of small cars. The Fiat 500 will be made at the plant in Toluca, Mexico. And Fiat 4 cylinder engines will probably be made at Dundee plant.

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The pro-independence party of Catalan president Arturo Mas called an election two years ahead of schedule in an effort to increase autonomy for Catalonia in relations with the central government of Spain. He failed in negotiations to reduce the tax burden for Catalonia in relations with the federal government in Madrid. Arturo Mas's party lost seats in the regional election, ending up with 50 seats compared to the 62 seats it held previously in the 135 seat regional parliament in Barcelona. Other pro independence parties gained seats. The left leaning Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya party increased its seats from 10 to 21 seats. The Partido Popular of Spain's premier Rajoy won 19 seats, up one seat from the 18 it held earlier. There is considerable questioning inside Spain about whether this issue should be brought up at a time of 25% unemployment and negotiations with the EU for loans to restore the health of Spain's banking system.

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As the two leaders Cameron and Merkel visit the exhibition on Germany at the British Museum, efforts are made to improve ties and keep Britain in the European Union. Merkel says about one of the contentious issues that she supports freedom of movement in the EU, but no abuse of that right by claiming unemployment benefits. Immigration is emerging as an issue in the upcoming British general election. Cameron and Merkel share similiar views on economic policy and a conservative philosophy. Merkel tells a joint news conference: "Ofcourse British citizens will decide, but I don't want to hide from you that I very much like having the UK in a strong and successful European Union and like working with them for a better future."

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Nokia's new phones which allow music to be downloaded wirelessly compete with the Apple iPod. The new phones can download songs wirelessly which the iPod cannot, but have a limited range and music selection compared to the iPod. Nokia hopes o enhance its margins with the higher priced phones. It is also giving Nokia an opportunity to take the lead in innovation.

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Spain's conservative Partido Popular party wins 44.6% of the vote and 186 seats in parliament for an absolute majority. This follows a strong win for the party in regional and municipal elections, giving it control of local and regional governments in addition to the federal government. The Socialist party received 28.7% of the vote, a record low.

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Regulators at the U.S. Federal Reserve and the FDIC are planning to reject the "living wills" plans of 4 of the 8 systemically important banks, including JP Morgan Chase bank, in April 2016. The banks will have to come up with revised plans and strategies to address bankruptcy and issues raised by regulators, or face sanctions including higher levels of capital required.